Trusts Law. Non-Charitable Purpose Trusts Essay

Trusts Law. Non-Charitable Purpose Trusts - Essay Example Secular Society†2, Lord Parker was of the view that â€Å"benefit to individuals should be an essential ingredient of a trust or must be in that category of gifts which the courts identify as charitable.† In â€Å"Re Recher's Will Trusts†, Brightman J was of the view that as there is no beneficiary, a non-charitable trust is void. â€Å"Just as a rail requires an engine, so a trust requires a recipient†3. In â€Å"Astor's Settlement Trusts†, it was held by Roxburgh J that due to lack of a beneficiary, every non-charitable trust is void4 For a pure purpose, a private purpose trust (for instance, a trust to advance a cause) may be established where there will no single beneficiary to enjoy the benefits or for the advantages of an unquantifiable group of people (for instance, a trust to construct a playground for a school). A private, non-charitable purpose trust of the first type mentioned above will always be annulled, since it is not enforceable by a nybody. As opposed, a charitable trust is always a purpose trust and hence, enforceable and there will no problem in enforcing the same as the Attorney-General will have locus standi to litigate. 5. Though, there exists a general rule which appears to forbid purpose trusts in the non-charitable background, there are, some scenarios in which non-charitable purpose ? trusts have been endorsed in English law, and these can be detailed as follows: If confined to a perpetuity period, trusts for the prolongation of other non-charitable, religious ceremonies / rites may well be held valid. For instance, a gift for the recital of ceremonies namely Sin Chew (worship of ancestor) so as to disseminate the testator's reminiscence during the perpetuity period was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlement in â€Å"Khoo Cheng Teow, Re†6.The House of Lords in â€Å"Bourne v Kean†e7 which viewed such trusts for the saying of masses as valid and clearly held it to be charita ble. This research essay will analyse in detail the validity of such non-charitable trust under English law and will recommend suitable amendments in English Trust laws to give legal sanctity to such non-charitable trust. Analyse Since the gift encourages an essential part of religion, namely, the saying of prayers, a gift for the saying of prayer of masses in public is held to be charitable. Though, saying cannot be established to beneficial to the mankind per se, but are supposed to offer an adequate element of public benefit. The prima facie hypothesis that is made is that prayers mentioned by a settlor in an inter viva or a will instrument are supposed to be said in public as held in â€Å"Re Caus†8. In â€Å"Re Hetherington†9 , and in this case, a testatrix by her will had bequeathed ? 2,000 for saying of â€Å" masses for the souls of her parents , sisters, husband and herself† It was held that trust was valid as it was for the advancement of religion10. T hough, in, it was held by Roxburgh J that due to lack of a beneficiary, every non-charitable trust is void but the English law has conventionally permitted four fundamental varieties of testamentary private purpose trust where it has been held that non-charitable trust even without beneficiaries can be held valid under the following scenarios. †¢ The upholding of specific animals; †¢ The building and preservation of private tombs, graves and monuments; †¢ The conducting other religious ceremony in private or saying of masses and †¢ The encouragement of fox-hunting Purpose trusts emanating in the

Strategic Plan For Your Organization Statistics Project

Strategic Plan For Your Organization - Statistics Project Example This paper will explore the strategic plan for GetWell, a pharmaceutical company that sells prescription medicine (Cravens & Piercy, 2008). GetWell possesses sufficient information about the target market. The demand for pharmaceutical products is high and keeps increasing every day (Callahan, 2006). The firm will use this information to serve consumers better. The customer base includes medical doctors, trainers, physical therapists and chiropractors. Most customers buy the medications for pain management and relief. The medical industry is under pressure to reduce costs for medical purchases. Insurance companies are exerting pressure on various medical institutions to buy low-priced but quality medicine. The number of people with drug plans is high especially for elderly people who have no medical coverage. The market for prescription medicine is expected to grow by 6% annually. Many pharmacies sell prescription drugs in cities that GetWell operates in but few offer low prices like GetWell. Competitors rarely advertise in print or digital media. The increase in the number of athletes and sports trainers ordering pain management medicine is encouraging (Brukner & Khan, 2008). GetWell aims at increasing its market share by targeting new customers and becoming the market leader for pharmaceutical sales in the region. The firm plans to reduce the market share of competitors by taking most of their walk-in customers and making more deliveries. GetWell plans to achieve financial growth of 15% for every year. GetWell is aiming at providing customers with the best medicine at discounted prices. GetWell aims at increasing the number of repeat customers by 9% in each quarter. The firm aims at increasing customer awareness about the various stores in the two states. GetWell plans to reduce client acquisition costs by 10% every year. Another objective is taking a majority share in supply of medicine to

Radiographic Modalities in Detecting Suspected Child Abuse

Radiographic Modalities in Detecting Suspected Child Abuse The actions individuals take against a child in order to inflict emotional or physical harm are, unfortunately, limited only by the imagination. Child abuse has been formally defined as the shaking, punching, battering, hitting, poisoning, scalding or burning, suffocating or drowning a child and/or otherwise participating in actions that lead to the child’s physical harm (Safeguarding Children 2006). As of the last several years, the definition of child abuse has also integrated the failure to prevent harm to a child (Safeguarding Children 2006). In 1946 paediatric radiologist John Caffey first utilised radiographic images in the diagnosis of child abuse when fractures of the long bones were accompanied by subdural hematomas (Longman, Baker Boos 2003). In 1962 Kempe et al. (as cited by Longman, Baker Boos 2003) offered the term battered child syndrome to describe injuries seen in children consistent with patterns of abuse, with skeletal anomalies the most common injuries seen in this syndrome. For example, bone fractures are seen in upwards of 55% of abuse cases (Longman, Baker Boos 2003). As current research indicates (Freeman 2005; Zimmerman Bilaniuk 1994), the radiographer is often the first healthcare provider that child sees who is in a position to suspect or determine the presence of a non-accident injury (NAI). Davis (2005) points out the radiographer sees the child undressed and is in a position to notice strap marks and other bruising indicative of child abuse while seeking to identify other areas of trauma throu gh the radiographic examination; thus noticing unusual bruising or other inappropriate bodily marks on the patient can help establish a pattern of abuse in conjunction with the radiologic findings of trauma. While Silverman (1987) states that radiography can be used to determine both nature of injury producing force as well as time of injury caution is also advocated as other issues that radiography classically is used to identify can be confused with child abuse, such as the radiologic evidence of scurvy, osteogenesus imperfect, self-sustained injury and infantile cortical hyperostosis. Child abuse statistics Longerman, Baker and Boos (2003) relate staggering statistics for child abuse. In the US alone during 2000, 1,200 children were fatally injured in episodes of child abuse, For example one to two children are fatally abused by a parent or other caregiver on a weekly basis (Safeguarding Children 2006). Norris (2001) states that upwards of 27% of cases presented as unintentional injuries were actually due to incidents of child abuse. Child abuse related fatalities among children less than 1 year of age constitute 41 44% of reported cases of abuse or neglect (Offiah 2003’ Longerman, Baker Boos 2003). Radiographer responsibilities by law The law is quite explicit regarding the role of the radiographer in cases of suspected child abuse. For example, the Children’s Act of 1989, Section 27 explicitly requires each healthcare provider to perform any and all examinations requested by other healthcare professionals or legal authorities when cases present with suspected child mistreatment or abuse (Aspinell 2006; Freeman 2005). As an adjunct to the 1989 Act, with specific regard to healthcare professionals, The Children Act of 2004 mandates an added responsibility beyond individual practice guidelines when working with an abused child or suspecting mistreatment, and requires that healthcare practitioners work together to share information as appropriate and cooperate in such a way as to offer the best treatment for the child (Aspinell 2006; Davis 2006). Additional guidelines on the radiographer’s role in cases of suspected child abuse are readily available (Freeman 2005). However, whether law or not, ultimately, the radiographer has legal, professional and personal responsibilities in detecting cases of suspected child abuse and has many imaging modality options. Stover (1986) tells us specifically that radiographic examinations can help the identification of the injury, mechanism of trauma such as shaking, twisting, traction of a limb or direct blow. Additionally and more importantly, the radiographic examination can identify prior injury and determine evidence of healing processes; all of which are paramount in situations of suspected child abuse, mistreatment or endangerment (Stover 1986). Therefore, this essay will review the range of radiographic imaging modality options available when child abuse is suspected. It is considered beyond the scope of this essay to discuss the legal roles and responsibilities of the radiographer in cases of suspected child abuse and as such, information relating to this will be explicitly excluded beyond those acts and guidelines highlighted above. Similarly, it is considered beyond the scope to discuss radiographic diagnostics in relation to imaging technologies. The remainder of this essay will focus strictly on imaging modalities. Standard radiographic x-ray Kirks (1983) believes that standard radiographic x-ray (SXR) imaging is appropriate for injuries associated with skeletal fractures, pneumoperitoneum, gastric dilatation or injury to the pulmonary parenchyml, which are common in cases of child abuse. Researchers tell us that skeletal examinations are particularly relevant in cases were non-accidental injury (NAI) is suspected (Gutanunga, Evans Harrison 2007, Johnson 2007; Summerfield et al. 2007; Offiah 2003) and is the strongest radiologic based indicators that child abuse or mistreatment has taken place (Diagnostic imaging 1991). In particular, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe that in children less than 2 years of age presenting with injuries consistent with child abuse the skeletal survey is critical. Parks (2002 as cited by Imaging suspected NAI 2002) tells us that although the most appropriate in cases of suspected NAI, the skeletal survey is one of â€Å"the most difficult examinations to perform† given general reluctance of the small child to submit to the examination, the emotionally charged scenario surrounding the skeletal survey request and the frequent urgency required. The skeletal survey typically consists of the following images: AP/PA chest, oblique v iew of the ribs, lateral skull survey in an older child, AP pelvis/femora, AP tibia/fibula, AP humeria, AP forearms, DP/AP hands, Half axial/Townes skull projection, AP 20 degrees skull projection and lateral skill projection in younger children, lateral spine and DP of the feet (Parks 2002 as cited by Imaging suspected NAI 2002). In order to minimise radiation exposure to the developing tissues of young children, special paediatric imaging systems have been modernised to use special cassettes, films and intensification screens (Diagnostic imaging 1991). In children older than five years of age, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) tell us the skeletal survey is virtually of no use when screening for injuries, but clinical indicators should dictate whether or not such a radiographic examination is performed. A newer radiographic adjunct to skeletal surveys is the bone scintigraphy, also referred to as radionucleotide scintigraphy (Conway et al. 1993; Howard, Barron Smith 1990), advocated by current research as a complementary procedure to the skeletal survey rather than a replacement when NAI and child abuse are suspected (Mandelstam et al., 2003). Mandelstam et al. (2003) documented the ability to detect bony anomalies that evade traditional radiographic skeletal images. For example, 20% of those studied by Mandelstam et al. (2003) reported normal skeletal surveys; however injuries were evident upon bone scintigraphy. This example evidences the increased sensitivity of the bone scintigraphy noted by Conway et al. (1993), creating an advantage in assessing soft tissue injuries in addition to trauma to bone structures. Apgar (1997) stresses SXRs can be of paramount importance for assessing potential child abuse or mistreatment through the imaging of hands and feet to assess for fractures . In particular, Apgar (1997) tells us that bone scans and skeletal surveys that focus on an oblique view of the hand or foot combine to document fractures in the hands and feet through evidencing healing at multiple stages as well as identifying fractures from bending or twisting a limb or digit rather than inflicting a direct blow. Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe the skeletal survey should not be used as a primary diagnostic modality, but should be used in conjunction with SXRs. Generally a GP or primary care physician will request a skeletal survey be performed when child abuse is suspected to assess current and age of prior injuries. CT Scan Non-accidental head injuries (NAHI) are the leading cause of death or neurological dysfunction seen in infants (Jaspan et al. 2003). Researchers agree CT scans are the ideal radiographic modality to assess paediatric head trauma from which to evaluate injury and/or family circumstances that might lead to NAIH conclusions indicative of child abuse or mistreatment (Jaspan et al. 2003; Hymel et al. 1997; Alexander Kleinman 1996). Fell (2007) tells us CT is recommended over standard SXR as SXR are known to delay diagnosis; however SXR in a triage setting when CT is not available when coupled with patient observation is still an option. Stover (1986) believes that a head CT should be considered mandatory for incidents of paediatric head trauma. Unfortunately, as Jaspan et al. (2003) indicate, there are no uniformly agreed upon protocols for radiographic imaging of NAHI. Additionally, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe that CT scans without the use of an MRI may underestimate the exten t of injury sustained, for example, MRIs can image subdural hematomas, which according to Alexander and Kleinman (1996) may be â€Å"the only objective imaging evidence of child abuse.† CT scans are also appropriate for other areas. For example, one of the common sites for visceral abuse injuries is the abdomen (Kirks 1983). For blunt trauma injuries to the abdomen, particular for assessing the spleen, kidney or liver, Kirks (1983) believes the CT scan is most appropriate. Albanese et al. (1996) stress the importance of CT scans for blunt abdominal trauma as well, focusing on the modality’s use with contrast media. Serial examinations are considered the â€Å"gold standard† for perforations of the paediatric GI tract due to blunt force trauma (Albanese et al. 1996). However, Kirk (1983) adds that nuclear scintigraphy is appropriate for cases isolated to the liver or spleen alone. MRI The use of MRI’s in cases of suspected child abuse or mistreatment are many, with cervical spine MRIs cited by Feldman et al. (1997) as able to detect previously unsuspected damage to the spinal cord from child abuse in cases of head trauma. Feldman et al. (1997) demonstrated that frequently radiographic examination will show subdural haemorrhages or subarachnoid haemorrhages in the cervical spine level. Although considered a type of MRI modality, Whole-body turbo STIR MR imaging that is based on MRI technology â€Å"with turbo short tau inversion recovery tissue excitation† (Kavanagh, Smith Eustace 2003) is a non-ionizing high-resolution modality that allows for the detection of occult disease states. Stranzinger et al. (2007) advocates the whole body STIR MR imaging as an alternative to skeletal survey radiographic examinations, particularly as a mechanism of avoiding radiation exposure to growing and developing tissues of the child as well as the increased/enhanced modality sensitivity. For example, Stranzinger et al. (2007) found multiple rib fractures in a patient were evident on the STIR MR imaging and definitely suggested child abuse occurred whereas conventional radiographic images only allowed for partial recognition of the fractures and were inconclusive. Diffuse-weighted imaging (DWI) has also been highlighted by current research as superior in detecting post abuse NAIH, particularly when there were posterior aspects of the brain (Suh et al. 2001). DWI has demonstrated effectivity in enhancing traditional MRI use, particularly in its ability to assess trauma severity (Suh et al. 2001). Ultrasound Kirks (1983) believes that visceral abuse trauma for such issues as retroperitoneal hematoma, ultrasound radiography is the most appropriate modality. Stover (1986) states ultrasound imaging should be used in order to exclude visceral lesions in the case of paediatric head trauma. Barthel et al. (2000) found ultrasound to be the most reliable radiographic imaging modality for detecting and diagnosing simple fractures, although compound fractures and fractures of adjacent bone were still better identified and assessed through SXR. Particularly in infants where bone is more cartilaginous, ultrasound has been found a superior modality for assessing fractures in cases of suspected child abuse and/or mistreatment especially as it saves the child from exposure to ionising radiation (Barthel et al. 2000). When assessing ultrasound efficacy for fracture identification in the distal forearm, noted as the most common fracture site in children, Barthel et al. (2000) demonstrated an 89.4% positi ve correlation, with a 94.4% correct ultrasound fracture diagnosis noted in femoral fractures. Additionally, Barthel et al. (2000) note that ultrasound is an excellent radiographic modality to assess stress fractures missed by SXR. While each of the modalities above have been advocated by individual researchers as preferred methods as outlined, Offiah (2003) advocates the use of multiple imaging modalities in order to provide cross-sectional imaging, especially in cases of suspected abuse that result in the need for neurological assessments. In conclusion, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) tell us radiographic imaging may offer the first indication of child abuse. Child protection is a personal and professional responsibility for the radiographer. This essay highlighted the staggering figures of how frequently child abuse is perpetrated. It was also noted that failure to act on suspected abuse is also considered child abuse and endangerment; such that all Trust employees have the responsibility to ensure children are kept safe (Safeguarding our children 2006). This includes being as aware of all imaging modalities appropriate for the detection of suspected child abuse when warranted as opposed to relying on radiography strictly as a static imaging modality. For example, Zimmerman and Bilaniuk (1994) state that in paediatric head trauma, the radiographer has CT and MRI imaging technology available among others, however, based on the radiographer’s knowledge of the type of injury, age of the child and how the trauma occ urred, the appropriate imaging modality or combination of modalities can best identify injury and whether child abuse is a factor. References Albanese, CT, Meza, MP, Gardner, MJ, Smith, SD, Rowe, MI Lynch, JM. Is computed tomography a useful adjunct to clinical examination for the diagnosis of pediatric gastrointestinal perforation from blunt abdominal trauma in children? Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection Critical Care, 40, 417 – 421. Alexander, R Kleinman, PK. 2000. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse: Portable guides to investigating child abuse. Govt. Report NCJ 161235, 3rd Printing. U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC. Apgar, B. 1997. Fractures of the hands and feet as signs of child abuse. American Family Physician. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:19988704 [Accessed 30 July 2008]. Aspinell, P. 2006. Child protection: Safeguarding and promoting welfare of children and young people. Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.phtlearningzone.org.uk/uploads/File/ChildProtection.doc [Accessed 29 July 2008]. Barthel, M, Halsband, H, Outzen, S, Schlicht, W. Hubner, U. 2000. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fractures in children. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 82, 1170 – 1173. Conway, JJ, Collins, M, Tanz, RR, Radkowski, MA, Anandappa, E, Hernandez, R Freeman, EL. 1993. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 23, 321 – 33. Davis, M. 2006. It couldn’t happen to me Radiographers and the child and the law. Synergy. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3:1095072611 [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Davis, M. 2005. The role of the radiographer in the protection of children. Synergy. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3:910668571 [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. 1991. Pediatrics, 87, 262 – 264. Feldman, KW, Weinberger, E, Milstein, JM Fligner, CL. 1997. Cervical spine MRI in abused infants. Child Abuse Neglect, 21, 199 – 205. Fell, M. 2007. The demise of the skull radiograph. Synergy. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1232668141 [Accessed 30 July 2008]. Freeman, C. 2005. The child and the law: The roles and responsibilities of the radiographer. Society of Radiographers, London, England. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.scor-managers.org.uk/pdf/issue8_pdf16.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Gutanunga, IP, Evans, A Harrison, S. 2007. Investigation of non-accidental injuries: Changes in local policy. Paper presented at the UK Radiological Congress 2007, Manchester, England. 11 – 13 June. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://bjr.birjournals.org/misc/Proceed_2007.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Howard, JK, Barron, BJ Smith, GG. 1990. Bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of extraskeletal injuries from child abuse. Radiographics, 10, 67 – 81. Hymel, KP, Rumack, CM, Hay, TC, Strain, JD Jenny, C. 1997. Comparison of intracranial computer tomographic (CT) findings in pediatric abusive and accidental head trauma. Pediatric Radiology, 27, 743 – 747. Imaging suspected NAI. 2002. Syngery. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3:354983461 [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Jaspan, T, Griffiths, PD, McConachie, NS Punt, JAG. 2003. Neuroimaging for non-accidental head injury in childhood: A proposed protocol. Clinical Radiology, 58, 44 – 53. Johnson, KJ. 2007. Invited review: Investigating NAI. Paper presented at the UK Radiological Congress 2007, Manchester, England. 11 – 13 June. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://bjr.birjournals.org/misc/Proceed_2007.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Kavanagh, E, Smith, C Eustace, S. 2003. Whole-body turbo STIR MR imaging: Controversies and avenues for development. European Radiology, 13, 2196 -2205. Kirks, DR, 1983. Radiological evaluation of visceral injuries in the battered child syndrome. Pediatric Annals, 12, 888 – 893. Longerman, GJ, Baker, AM, Morey, MK Boos, SC. 2003. Child abuse: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics, 23, 811 845. Mandelstam, SA, Cook, D, Fitzgerald, M Ditchfield, MR. 2003. Complementary use of radiological skeletal survey and bone scintigraphy in suspected child abuse. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, 387 – 390. Norris, TG. 2001. Pediatric skeletal trauma. Radiologic Technology, 72, 345 -373. Offiah, A. 2003. Imaging of non-accidental injury. Current Paediatrics, 13, 455 – 459. Safeguarding children and young people. 2006. National Public Health Service for Wales. [Online]. Retrieved from: www.ich.ucl.ac.uk//Centre_for_evidence_based_child_health/CustomMenu_02/safeguarding_children_rcpch0.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Silverman, FN. 1987. Radiology and other imaging procedures. In RE Helfer and RS Kempe, eds. The Battered Child. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Stranzinger, E, Kellenberger, C, Braunschweig, S, Hopper, R Huisman, T. 2007. Whole-body STIR MR imaging in suspected child abuse: An alternative to skeletal survey radiography? European Journal of Radiology Extra, 63, 43 – 47. Stover, B. 1986. Radiologic diagnosis of the batter child syndrome. Minatsschr Kinderheilkd, 134, 322 – 327. Suh, DY, Dabid, PC, Hopkins, KL, Fajman, NN Mapstone, TB. 2001. Non-accidential pediatric head injury: Diffusion-weighted imaging findings. The Lancet, 360, 271 – 272. Summerfield, OJ, Gay, D, Shirley, J Thorogood, S. 2007. Who should report skeletal surveys in non-accidental injury: Generalist or specialist? Paper presented at the UK Radiological Congress 2007, Manchester, England. 11 – 13 June. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://bjr.birjournals.org/misc/Proceed_2007.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Zimmerman, RA Bilaniuk, LT. 1994. Pediatric head trauma. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 4, 349 – 366.

Graduation Speech: Are We There Yet? -- Graduation Speech, Commencemen

Are we there yet? I have asked this question many times on road trips, only to hear the answer, "It's only one more mile, I promise." Of course, our destination was never just one more mile. It seemed as though we would never reach our destination. The one idea I neglected by asking the question, "Are we there yet?" is the notion that it's not the destination that is important, but the journey itself. We are part of a journey that has been progressing since the beginning of time. However, we as a society always seem to be looking past the present to some climactic end -- the finish line, the future, when in reality, there is no finish line. Society always looks to the future for the answers to today's problems, believing that the future holds something exciting that the present lacks. This is not the way we should be thinking! We should be asking ourselves, "What finish line are we hoping to arrive to?" Or better yet, "Do we want to arrive at a finish line at all?" Seriously, did we ever hope for Cameron McLaughlin to reach the end of his experimentation with his clothes? I mys...

Advance Practice Theory Paper

APA is defined as having advanced specialized clinical knowledge and skills through masters or doctoral education that prepares these people for specialization, expansion and advancement of practice. From the above definition specialization refers to ones concentration in one part of the field of nursing.On the other hand expansion refers to the acquisition of new practice knowledge and skills including knowledge and skills legitimizing the role autonomy within area of practice that overlap traditional boundaries of medial practice/.Advancement in this context involves experience and specialization that is characterized by the integration of theoretical research based and practical knowledge that occurs as part of graduates’ education in nursing. (Michaelene, 2006)The advanced practice nurses are currently being deployed to the rapidly challenging health care system. APN are employed in areas such as the community health government hospitals, nursing homes, clinics all over th e world.   APN functions as educators, consultants’ researchers, policy makers and outstanding clinicians in the areas. (pg 20)Advanced practice nursing in my own view is an exiting career of choice with many opportunities and challenges.   The rise in technological advancement has produced remarkable assistance in helping the health sector in easier diagnosis of diseases.The word APN designates four roles in the nursing world; the nurse anesthetics, nurse midwives, nurse practitioners and nurse specialists. (pg 25) In other descriptions it only refers to the broad category of nurse practitioner and nurse specialists.In this disruption, the clinical nurse specialists are registered nurses usually at the graduate level school.   They demonstrate excellence in a focused area of nursing practice and are the models for quality health care.   These practitioners are registered nurses who have achieved the level of education required for additional registration as nurse pra ctitioners with the association of nurses.Their skills are learned through graduate nursing education and substantial nursing practice experience.   These groups provide healthcare services from a holistic nursing perspective combined with a focus on the diagnoses and treatment of acute and chronic illness including prescribing medication. (Wales Nurses consultation paper, 2007)Nurses play an important role in the health sector through ensuring the welfare of patient is taken care off in the hospital. The beliefs and actions statement for advancement is important in the nursing community in realizing their personal potential.There are certain challenges that face the profession. Identification of such challenges would be an important step in facing the future within the profession.   The basic purpose of nursing is the well being and care of patients.This could mean different when analyzed in different contexts.   But regardless of the context this decisions and actions of the healthcare profession should always be based on an individual; need for halt promotion, cure or palliative case, support, advice or conform and involve the patient fully in determining what these needs may be and how they may be met.This paper provided the opportunity to examine barriers and shelters mode for advanced practice role enactment that will provide an appropriate framework for may advance practice nurse role.STATEMENT OF FUTURE PROFESSIOANL ROLEI would like to be a family nurse practitioner.  Ã‚   This is my effort in realizing and exploiting the potential in me. I clearly understand the nature of caring needed by the professional to my particular patents and my developing a unique relationship between my profession and my patent will portray the highest dignity is required.THEORETICAL ROLE FOR ADVANCED ROLE EANACTMENTAdvanced Nursing practice encompasses all the practices including; knowledge, their skills in practice education & research.   This is much different f rom the description in terms of performance of medial tasks.Skill acquisition theory also referred as the hermeneutic model has been referred by Benner & Wrubel to study expertise in clinical nursing practice.   Banner urges that experienced nurses often use the nurse-patient relationship and knowledge of a patients response patterns to make clinical judgments about patients care. (Michaelene, 2006)Benners definitions of clinical judgment particularly at the level of expertise practice, has been expanded to include both deliberate analytic thinking and non conscious holistic discrimination of patients clinical states.   In this model experts judgment include ethical decision making on what is good or right.This is achieved through extensive knowledge from practice, emotional engagement with patients and with one understanding of specific contents for care.In my Advanced Practicing Nursing (APN) the hermeneutic model describe what I would really expect to add in a profession.      Through use of common sense, understanding, skilled know how, similarity recognition and deliberative rationality is key assets that I intend to use to achieve the best skills to run the profession.To be able to recognize patents needs and after better health care I would use my intuition to analyze complex issues.   Intuition can be defined as the capacity to analyze complex data simultaneously discerning patterns and act of hypotheses without necessarily naming all the factors involved in their decision making.This will require my in-depth understanding of the complex experiential knowledge which I have accumulated in practice.   By combining this attributes and understanding the best patient-interaction method would enhance my effectiveness to offer effective care.My strong points on t he above theory are based on the following understanding that professional education is not just about knowledge and skills to perform tasks, no matter how complex it is much more about so cialization and internalization of the values and codes of profession behavior and practices, both on and off my duty.The professional education takes the lay novice and enables them to be specialists with identity, so that work is not just a job to me by a responsibility.   I also understand that knowledge is gained by acquiring it and should not be static, but used for the benefit of the society.   I will ensure that my knowledge and skills are in tandem with the role I play as a family nurse.Another model of skill acquisition was described by Ham, 1998, Laura & Salentera 2002, in which they pointed out on the range of analytical thinking approaches with a carrying degree of analytical and intuitive thinking. (Neubauer, 1998).This theory of discussion making, the features of the task to be accomplished are thought to determine the degree of intuition and the analyses used by the decision maker.These features of the task are viewed to be outstanding; the complexity of task stru cture (number & redundancy of cases); the ambiguity of task content (availability of organizing principles, familiarity with the task, and possibility of high accuracy); and the form of tasks presentation (task decomposition, signal definition & response time).The model assumes that greater analytical thinking is related to fewer cues and more complex procedures for combining evidence to result in correct answers.The cognitive model would be achieved in my organization capabilities that I pose; my greater task familiarity and my high accuracy will be a greater contributor to my reasoning.I will intend to use my in-depth knowledge on the profession and inborn knowledge for greater analytic thinking.   I will also ensure that I fully understand the task that I would intend to undertake in the hope of making the right decisions.The above theory supports my beliefs that the decision and action that I undertake as a health practitioner should be base on an individual patient need.   This is in addition to involving my patients in decision making which concerns their care thereby promoting healthy lifestyles and self management of health.ConclusionThe advanced practice nursing as we have seen has been consistently characterized as based in holistic persecution , the formation of partnership with patients or pollutions the use of research and theory to guide practice and the use of diverse approaches in health and illness management.And as Banner identified the domains or expert   practice, my Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) would be based on nothing less but even more of the following, having and helping role, monitoring functions of diagnostic and patient monitoring, good and defective management of rapidly changing situations, teaching coaching factors and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regiments; monitoring and ensuring that offer quality health care services and lastly acquire the best organizational and work-role competences.References‘Con sultation paper’ Designed to Realize Our Potential’: a ‘beliefs and action’ statement for nurses, midwives and specialist community public health nurses in Wales for 2007 and beyond. Retrieved on February 22, 2008 from:

How do you respond to the presentation of Curley’s wife in ‘Of Mice and Men’? Essay

Curley’s wife is presented as quite an ambiguous character. She is seen in two ways: in one way she is seen as `jail bait’, a `tart’ and `tramp’. In another way she is seen as a victim of a male society, the only female on the farm. Even as a main character in the novel, she remains nameless and only as `Curley’s wife’. This makes her sound like Curley’s property like Curley’s horse or clothes. This is also symbolic of the role of women at the time in which Of Mice and Men was set. Curley’s wife is seen as a very promiscuous woman, but that is only because of the picture you build in your mind from the description of her flirtatious attitudes. Before we even meet Curley’s wife she is degraded by Candy, the `old swamper’. He accuses her of having â€Å"the eye† even though she has been married two weeks: â€Å"You know what I think? †¦ I think Curleys married a tart.† Candy says this becaus e, Curley’s wife gives a few of the other workers â€Å"the eye.† or so he thinks. Curley’s wife enters the bunkhouse; she uses the excuse that she is looking for Curley. She does not seem to want to leave. George tells her that he was here earlier. She still does not leave though, â€Å"she put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward.† This demonstrates her flirtatious nature. Curley’s wife backs her story up by saying, â€Å"sometimes he’s in here† looking at her hands as she does so. She finally leaves when George again tells her that Curley isn’t there. â€Å"Nobody can’t blame a person for looking.† Curley’s wife says this almost to protect herself, as if to say, nobody can fault her if she is only looking for her husband. When thinking about or looking at what Curley’s wife is wearing, you would not associate it with every day life on a farm; she is out of place. Does this carry on throughout the story? Is she always out of place? â€Å"She had full rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled cluster s, like sausages. She wore cotton house dress and red mules. On the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.† The constant reminder of red gives us two ideas: one, red being used as the colour of passion. Yet another sign of Curley’s wife’s flirtatious manner: two, red showing danger. All the signs of red could be a link to the red dress of the girl in Weed, where George and Lennie previously worked. Could there be a link? Curley’s wife recognises that her body and sexuality are her only weapons and she’s using them. In Steinbeck’s words â€Å"she had only one thing to sell and she knew it.† Curley’s wife is portrayed as this `tart’ and `jail bait’ not purely by accident. This portrayal is purely through the author’s actions. The mere fact that she is known only as Curley’s wife is a clear sign of her anonymity. She is given no name or in fact no identity. Is this hatred to women on Steinback’s part, or is he addressing the stereotyp ical attitudes towards women? Curley’s wife like everybody else has dreams. Curley’s wife’s dream is to be a star. Curley’s wife was asked to go on a show when she was younger, but her mother wouldn’t let her. Curley’s wife remembers a man in the â€Å"pitchers.† Said he’d write to her about becoming an actress and being in the movies. Curley’s wife says that her mother stole the letter when it came, to stop her from reaching her dream, when it really didn’t come at all. â€Å"Well I wasn’t gonna stay no place where I couldn’t get nowhere or make something of myself†¦ so I married Curley† this gives a strong impression that she married Curley purely out of spite, toward her mother. She goes on to say that â€Å"I don’ like Curley† this confirms the fact that she married him out of spite. Like the rest of the dreams in of Mice and Men hers so far has failed. â€Å"I coulda made somethin of myself†¦ maybe I will yet.† But Curley’s wife is still holding on to a faint glimmer of hope. This may explain Curley’s wife’s behaviour on the ranch; she may see it as a stage and the workers as her audience. In chapter four our attitudes towards Curley’s wife change dramatically throughout. In the beginning a feeling of sympathy and loneliness is aroused, because of her failed dreams and the way her husband treats her or rather doesn’t treat her â€Å"Think I don’t know where they all went?† Curley and the other ranch workers are spending their evening in a brothel. Toward the end a feeling of hatred or dislike is built up, beginning with her flirtatious manner to Lennie, ending with her racial abuse and threats towards Crooks: â€Å"I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny.† This is another sign of the society at that time. Curley’s wife mocks the dream of George, Lennie and Candy, saying that they almost had better things to spend their money on: â€Å"Baloney†¦ I seen too many you guys. If you had two cents in the worl’ why you’d be getting two shots of corn†¦ And sucking the bottom of the glass.† This is a clear sign, to the reader, of her naivetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Here she is mocking others dreams, when not so long ago her dream shattered around her. Curley’s wife’s death can be looked upon in many different ways. From the way the other characters are seen to respond, it is as if they are the victims of the death and not her. The way in which the author describes the body is the opposite: â€Å"She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young.† This would suggest an innocent frame of mind, as if her death had transformed her. To someone or something better. Even though Curley’s wife is dead, she is still subject to blame. Candy is one of those who feel this way, talking to the lifeless body â€Å"You done it, di’n’t you? I s’pose you’re glad. Everybody knowed you’d mess things up. You wasn’t no good. You aint no good now, you lousy tart.† When the `guys’ find out about her death, I don’t think that Curley seems to realise that his wife is dead. He doesn’t stop to mourn at all, or hold her one last time, as any self-respecting man would do. He is only interested in one thing, revenge. In conclusion Curley’s wife is seen as an ambiguous character. Her moods and mannerisms change throughout the novel. She is presented, as somebody that no one likes not even her own husband. I think this is character is very misunderstood and if anyone was to take the time to get to know her a little better I’m sure Curley’s wife could be a very `nice’ person.

Рitlers youth Essays

Ð  itlers youth Essays Ð  itlers youth Essay Ð  itlers youth Essay Hitler youth was formed In 1920 by Hitler. One of the main youngster movements and it helped Hitler to grow extremely fast and to grow his power. Hitlers youth was just like a school and it was extremely important and mostly everybody had to attend to it. Hitlers youth did millions of group activities so it could train team work. Boys joined Hitlers youth at the age of 10. Many kids found it very fascinating and they thought of it like It was a lot of fun especially when they got to go out for all of those long walks, even though it damaged their feet. They loved training shooting. All of this was done to practice for the army and to make kids like army from very early age. it made all the boys who joined it very healthy and fit. The Hitler Youth grew from a small group from a handful boys to one of the most important youth groups in Europe. No other group so comprehensively succeeded in their settled point. They were the ones to toughen the young of Germany and to prepare them for war. Actually to make it all work even better they had more than 1 school for boys and the difference was only in ages: one of them was for boys from 10 to 13 years old and it was named Deutsches Jugenvolk, and the other one, Hitler Jugend, was for boys from 13 to 18 years old. Boys have also done team activities like bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trenching digging, outside cooking and reading maps what was extremely useful and trained boys morally and intellectually. By doing all of that, boys were well prepared for the strong army of loyal supporters that would simply help Hitler to achieve his foreign policy aims by obeying all his orders. Of course the girls who joined the Hitlers youth had absolutely different teamwork experience. Girls who were aged form 10 to 14 years old joined Jungmadelbund and girl who were older than 14 years old were transferred to Bund Deutscher Madel. They were training how to be great mothers and housewives. Girls as boys also had to complete the 8 month of farm service called Landjahr. Girls were told they had to make babies and look after their husbands, but they were not allowed to do any hard jobs and to work. Hitler wanted to get the German population to grow to one of the biggest so that he could take the space that Russia owned and so that he could destroy Versailles. Hitlers youth was a strict organisation that controlled the discipline of children and that helped Germany to grow its population. It also taught boys that the most important thing was is loyalty and obedience and that Hitler was the greatest person in this world and that he should be worshiped as God him self. This was another reason to persuade the youth into obeying anything Hitler said and that he was more important then the parents. To accomplish all of that, kids faced a grand deal of propaganda to make them into loyal citizens. Citizens also had compulsory activities to attend to like singing songs, camping were created to straighten Nationalism and to warship Hitler and the Nazis.